Retrograde and urinal cystourethrography in the evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux

Abstract

Retrograde and micturition cystourethrography is the radiologic investigation of the bladder and urethra performed by retrograde opacification by administering an iodine-based contrast agent through a catheter. This technique is essential in the anatomical study of the bladder, urethra, and as a functional investigation to detect reflux (abnormal passage of urine from the bladder into the ureters). It may be indicated in the study of certain urethro-vesical pathologic conditions (stones, diverticula, complicated cystitis, vesicoureteral reflux, tumors). A consensus conference on renal transplantation in patients with lower urinary tract abnormalities proposed criteria for investigation in both pediatric and adult patients. The indications for performing urodynamic examination are the following conditions:
• renal insufficiency due to urinary tract obstruction;
• history of bladder emptying phase dysfunction, especially in association with vesicoureteral reflux;
• low capacity with high bladder pressures and obstruction of ureteral outflow;
• doubtful cases about the etiology of renal failure.